<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestnik-bio-msu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 16. Биология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0137-0952</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Lomonosov Moscow State University,  School of Biology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestnik-bio-msu-1026</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МНЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPINION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Тестостерон и продолжительность жизни, или почему женщины живут дольше мужчин. Гипотеза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Testosterone and life span or why women live longer than men. A hypothesis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-0615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куликов Александр Владимирович – докт. биол. наук, зав. лабораторией</p><p>142290, Московская обл., г. Пущино, ул. Институтская, д. 3</p><p>Тел.: 8-4967-739-194</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institutskaya st. 3, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">29.04.55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1957-339X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Архипова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arkhipova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Архипова Любовь Валентиновна – канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр.</p><p>142290, Московская обл., г. Пущино, ул. Институтская, д. 3</p><p>Тел.: 8-4967-739-194</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institutskaya st. 3, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arxipova.53@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Лаборатория клеточно-тканевых механизмов компенсации функций биообъектов, Институт теоретической и экспериментальной биофизики, Российская академия наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Laboratory of Cellular and Tissue Functions Bioobjects Compensation Mechanisms, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>76</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>168</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Куликов А.В., Архипова Л.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куликов А.В., Архипова Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulikov A.V., Arkhipova L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1026">https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1026</self-uri><abstract><p>Женщины во всем мире живут дольше мужчин. Вопрос, почему это происходит, является очень интересным, но все еще не решенным в геронтологии. Существует ряд предложений для объяснения механизмов, лежащих в основе этого феномена, но четко подтвержденных или опровергнутых среди них пока нет. Вероятно, это связано с тем, что крайне сложно организовать проверку подобных гипотез на Homo sapiens, а имеющиеся данные по животным часто противоречивы и их результаты нельзя в полной мере переносить на человека. В статье мы попытались обозначить один из возможных механизмов, приводящих к половым различиям продолжительности жизни в популяции человека. Угнетающее влияние тестостерона на иммунную систему женщин значительно слабее, чем на иммунную систему мужчин. Концентрация тестостерона в крови мужчин выше, чем у женщин, в 10–18 раз, а после наступления менопаузы и без того малая концентрация тестостерона у женщин падает еще на 25–50%. В большей степени ослабевающая с возрастом иммунная система мужчин приводит к увеличению заболеваемости инфекционными, онкологическими и другими иммунозависимыми патологиями, что и снижает минимальную, среднюю и максимальную продолжительность их жизни по сравнению с женщинами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Women around the world live longer than men. The question of why this is happening is very interesting, but still unresolved in gerontology. There are a number of proposals to explain the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, but there are no clearly confirmed or refuted ones among them. This is probably due to the fact that it is extremely difficult to organize testing of such hypotheses for Homo sapiens, and the available data on animals are often contradictory and their results cannot be fully transferred to humans. In the article, we tried to identify one of the possible mechanisms leading to sex differences in life expectancy in the human population. The depressing effect of testosterone on the immune system of women is much weaker than on the immune system of men. The concentration of testosterone in the blood of men is 10–18 times higher than that of women, and after the onset of menopause, the already low concentration of testosterone in women drops by another 25–50%. The inhibitory effect of testosterone on the immune system of women is much weaker than on the immune system of men with respect to both concentration and duration of the effect. The immune system of men weakens with age to a greater extent, which leads to an increased incidence of infectious, oncological, and other immune-dependent pathologies, which just reduces the minimal, middle, and maximum life span of men compared with women.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>продолжительность жизни</kwd><kwd>тимус</kwd><kwd>тестостерон</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>кастрация</kwd><kwd>трансплантация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>life span</kwd><kwd>thymus</kwd><kwd>testosterone</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>castration</kwd><kwd>transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа проведена в рамках государственного задания ИТЭБ РАН № 075-00381-21-00.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusipov I., Basalini M., Kalyakulina A. et al. Agerelated DNA methylation changes are sex-specific: a comprehensive assessment // Aging. 2020. Vol. 12. N 23. P. 24057–24080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusipov I., Basalini M., Kalyakulina A. et al. Agerelated DNA methylation changes are sex-specific: a comprehensive assessment // Aging. 2020. Vol. 12. N 23. P. 24057–24080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seifarth J.E., McGowan C.L., Milne K.J. Sex and life expectancy // Gender Med. 2012. Vol. 9. N 6. P. 390–401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seifarth J.E., McGowan C.L., Milne K.J. Sex and life expectancy // Gender Med. 2012. Vol. 9. N 6. P. 390–401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eskes T., Haanen C. Why do women live longer than men? // Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. R. B. 2007. Vol. 133. N 2. P. 126–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eskes T., Haanen C. Why do women live longer than men? // Eur. J. Obstet. Gyn. R. B. 2007. Vol. 133. N 2. P. 126–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in health // EMBO Rep. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 596–603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in health // EMBO Rep. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 596–603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Passarino G., Calignano C., Vallone A., Francesci C., Jeune B., Robine J.M., Yashin A.I., Cavalli Sforza L.L., Benedictis G.De. Male/female ratio in centenarians: a possible role played by population genetic structure // Exp. Gerontol. 2002. Vol. 37. N 10–11. P. 1283–1289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Passarino G., Calignano C., Vallone A., Francesci C., Jeune B., Robine J.M., Yashin A.I., Cavalli Sforza L.L., Benedictis G.De. Male/female ratio in centenarians: a possible role played by population genetic structure // Exp. Gerontol. 2002. Vol. 37. N 10–11. P. 1283–1289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostan P., Monti D., Gueresi P., Bussolotto M., Franceschi S., Baggio G. Gender, aging and longevity in humans: an update of an intriguing/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine // Clin. Sci. 2016. Vol. 130. N 19. Р. 1711–1725.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostan P., Monti D., Gueresi P., Bussolotto M., Franceschi S., Baggio G. Gender, aging and longevity in humans: an update of an intriguing/neglected scenario paving the way to a gender-specific medicine // Clin. Sci. 2016. Vol. 130. N 19. Р. 1711–1725.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Franceschi C., Motta L., Valensin S., Rapisarda R., Franzone A., Berardelli M., Motta M., Monti D., Bonafè M., Ferrucci L. Do men and women follow different trajectories to reach extreme longevity? // Aging. 2000. Vol. 12. N 2. P. 77–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Franceschi C., Motta L., Valensin S., Rapisarda R., Franzone A., Berardelli M., Motta M., Monti D., Bonafè M., Ferrucci L. Do men and women follow different trajectories to reach extreme longevity? // Aging. 2000. Vol. 12. N 2. P. 77–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bronikowski A.M., Altmann J., Brockman D., Crds M., Fedigan L.M., Pusey A., Stoinski T., Morris W.F., Strier K.B., Susan C. Reveal similar mortality patterns across primates // Science. 2011. Vol. 331. N 6022. P. 1325–1328.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronikowski A.M., Altmann J., Brockman D., Crds M., Fedigan L.M., Pusey A., Stoinski T., Morris W.F., Strier K.B., Susan C. Reveal similar mortality patterns across primates // Science. 2011. Vol. 331. N 6022. P. 1325–1328.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baggio G., Corsini A., Floreani A., Giannini S., Zagonel V. Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium // Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2013. Vol. 51. N 4. P. 713–727.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baggio G., Corsini A., Floreani A., Giannini S., Zagonel V. Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium // Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2013. Vol. 51. N 4. P. 713–727.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z., Liu J., Shi X., Wang L., Yang Y., Tao M. Dynamic alteration of serum testosterone with aging: a cross-sectional study from Shanghai, China // Reprod. Biol. Endocrin. 2015. Vol. 13. N 111. P. 756–759.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z., Liu J., Shi X., Wang L., Yang Y., Tao M. Dynamic alteration of serum testosterone with aging: a cross-sectional study from Shanghai, China // Reprod. Biol. Endocrin. 2015. Vol. 13. N 111. P. 756–759.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calistro Alvarado L. Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men are associated with prostate cancer disparities in older men. // Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. Vol. 22. N 4. P. 449–455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calistro Alvarado L. Population differences in the testosterone levels of young men are associated with prostate cancer disparities in older men. // Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. Vol. 22. N 4. P. 449–455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurzweil R., Grossman T. Transcend: Nine steps to living well forever. Rodale Books, 2010. 480 pp.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurzweil R., Grossman T. Transcend: Nine steps to living well forever. Rodale Books, 2010. 480 pp.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travison T.G, Vesper H.W, Orwoll E.W., Wu F., Kaufman J.M., Wang Y., Lapauw B., Fiers T., Matsumoto A.M., Bhasin S. Harmonized reference ranges for circulating testosterone levels in men of four cohort studies in the united states and Europe // J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2017. Vol. 102. N 4. P. 1161–1173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travison T.G, Vesper H.W, Orwoll E.W., Wu F., Kaufman J.M., Wang Y., Lapauw B., Fiers T., Matsumoto A.M., Bhasin S. Harmonized reference ranges for circulating testosterone levels in men of four cohort studies in the united states and Europe // J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2017. Vol. 102. N 4. P. 1161–1173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Древаль А.В. Менопауза // Русс. мед. журн. 2018. № 1. C. 3–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Древаль А.В. Менопауза // Русс. мед. журн. 2018. № 1. C. 3–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gems D. Evolution of sexually dimorphic longevity in humans // Aging. 2014. Vol. 6. N 2. P. 84–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gems D. Evolution of sexually dimorphic longevity in humans // Aging. 2014. Vol. 6. N 2. P. 84–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samaras N., Papadopoulou M.A., Samaras D., Ongaro F. Off-label use of hormones as an antiaging strategy: a review // Clin. Interv. Aging. 2014. Vol. 23. N 9. P. 1175–1186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samaras N., Papadopoulou M.A., Samaras D., Ongaro F. Off-label use of hormones as an antiaging strategy: a review // Clin. Interv. Aging. 2014. Vol. 23. N 9. P. 1175–1186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huhtaniemi I. Late-onset hypogonadism: current concepts and controversies of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment // Asian J. Androl. 2014. Vol. 16. N 2. P. 192–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huhtaniemi I. Late-onset hypogonadism: current concepts and controversies of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment // Asian J. Androl. 2014. Vol. 16. N 2. P. 192–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shifren J.L. Testosterone for midlife women: the hormone of desire? // Menopause. 2015. Vol. 22. N 10. P. 1147–1149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shifren J.L. Testosterone for midlife women: the hormone of desire? // Menopause. 2015. Vol. 22. N 10. P. 1147–1149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimopoulou C., Ceausu L., Depypere H., Lambrinoudaki I., Mueck A., Pérez-López F.R., Rees M., Schouw Y.T., Senturk L.M., Simonsin T.I., Stevenson J.C., Stute P., Goulis D.G.EMAS position statement: Testosterone replacement therapy in the aging male // Maturitas. 2016. Vol. 84. N 2. P. 94–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimopoulou C., Ceausu L., Depypere H., Lambrinoudaki I., Mueck A., Pérez-López F.R., Rees M., Schouw Y.T., Senturk L.M., Simonsin T.I., Stevenson J.C., Stute P., Goulis D.G.EMAS position statement: Testosterone replacement therapy in the aging male // Maturitas. 2016. Vol. 84. N 2. P. 94–99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhoden E.L, Teloken C., Sogari P.R, Souto C.A. The relationship of serum testosterone to erectile function in normal aging men // J. Urology. 2002. Vol. 167. N 4. P. 1745–1448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhoden E.L, Teloken C., Sogari P.R, Souto C.A. The relationship of serum testosterone to erectile function in normal aging men // J. Urology. 2002. Vol. 167. N 4. P. 1745–1448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyce M.J., Baisley K.J., Clark E.V., Warrington S.J. Are published normal ranges of serum testosterone too high? Results of a cross-sectional survey of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone in healthy men // Brit. J. Urol. 2004. Vol. 94. N 6. P. 881–885.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyce M.J., Baisley K.J., Clark E.V., Warrington S.J. Are published normal ranges of serum testosterone too high? Results of a cross-sectional survey of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone in healthy men // Brit. J. Urol. 2004. Vol. 94. N 6. P. 881–885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orwoll E.C., Lambert L.C., Marshall L.M., Phipps K., Blank J., Barrett-Connor E. Testosterone and estradiol among older men // J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2006. Vol. 91. N 4. P. 1336–1344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orwoll E.C., Lambert L.C., Marshall L.M., Phipps K., Blank J., Barrett-Connor E. Testosterone and estradiol among older men // J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2006. Vol. 91. N 4. P. 1336–1344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeap B.B., Almeida O.P., Hyde Z.E., Norman P.E., Chubb S.A., Jamrozik K. In men older than 70 years, total testosterone remains stable while free testosterone declines with age. The health in men study // Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2007. Vol. 156. N 5. P. 585–594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeap B.B., Almeida O.P., Hyde Z.E., Norman P.E., Chubb S.A., Jamrozik K. In men older than 70 years, total testosterone remains stable while free testosterone declines with age. The health in men study // Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2007. Vol. 156. N 5. P. 585–594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halmenschlager G.F., Rhoden E.L., Riedner C.E. The influence of age on bioavailable and free testosterone is independent of body mass index and glucose levels // World J. Urol. 2011. Vol. 29. N 4. P. 541–546.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halmenschlager G.F., Rhoden E.L., Riedner C.E. The influence of age on bioavailable and free testosterone is independent of body mass index and glucose levels // World J. Urol. 2011. Vol. 29. N 4. P. 541–546.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost M., Wraae K., Nielsen T.L. Hougaard D.M., Brixen K., Hagen C. Similar reference intervals for total testosterone in healthy young and elderly men: results from the odense androgen study // Clin. Endocrinol. 2013. Vol. 78. N 5. P. 743–751.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost M., Wraae K., Nielsen T.L. Hougaard D.M., Brixen K., Hagen C. Similar reference intervals for total testosterone in healthy young and elderly men: results from the odense androgen study // Clin. Endocrinol. 2013. Vol. 78. N 5. P. 743–751.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelsey T.W., Li L.Q., Mitchell R.T., Whelan A., Anderson R.A., Wallace W.H. A validated age-related normative model for male total testosterone shows increasing variance but no decline after age 40 years // PLoS. One. 2014. Vol. 9. N 10: e109346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelsey T.W., Li L.Q., Mitchell R.T., Whelan A., Anderson R.A., Wallace W.H. A validated age-related normative model for male total testosterone shows increasing variance but no decline after age 40 years // PLoS. One. 2014. Vol. 9. N 10: e109346.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamilton J.B., Mestler G.E. Mortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men in a mentally retarded population // J. Gerontol. 1969. Vol. 24. N 4. P. 395–411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton J.B., Mestler G.E. Mortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men in a mentally retarded population // J. Gerontol. 1969. Vol. 24. N 4. P. 395–411.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Min K.J., Lee C.K., Park H.N. The lifespan of Korean eunuchs // Curr. Biol. 2012. Vol. 22. N 18. P. 792–793.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Min K.J., Lee C.K., Park H.N. The lifespan of Korean eunuchs // Curr. Biol. 2012. Vol. 22. N 18. P. 792–793.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анисимов В.Н. Молекулярные и физиологические механизмы старения. СПб.: Наука, 2008. Т. 1. 481 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Анисимов В.Н. Молекулярные и физиологические механизмы старения. СПб.: Наука, 2008. Т. 1. 481 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальцев М.А., Кветной И.М. Руководство по нейроиммуноэндокринологии. М.: Медицина, 2008. 512 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Пальцев М.А., Кветной И.М. Руководство по нейроиммуноэндокринологии. М.: Медицина, 2008. 512 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Csaba G. The immunoendocrine thymus as a pacemaker of lifespan // Acta Microbiol. Imm. H. 2016. Vol. 63. N 2. P. 139–158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Csaba G. The immunoendocrine thymus as a pacemaker of lifespan // Acta Microbiol. Imm. H. 2016. Vol. 63. N 2. P. 139–158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Csaba G. The role of the pineal-thymus system in the regulation of autoimmunity, aging and lifespan // Orvosi Hetilap. 2016. Vol. 157. N 27. P. 1065–1070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Csaba G. The role of the pineal-thymus system in the regulation of autoimmunity, aging and lifespan // Orvosi Hetilap. 2016. Vol. 157. N 27. P. 1065–1070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulikov A.V., Arkhipova L.V., Kulikova P.A., Glazkov A.A., Mndlyan E.Y., Gavrilyuk V.B., Kulikov D.A. Effects of birth season and thymus transplantation on experimental animal longevity // Biol. Bull. 2019. Vol. 46. N 1. P. 33–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulikov A.V., Arkhipova L.V., Kulikova P.A., Glazkov A.A., Mndlyan E.Y., Gavrilyuk V.B., Kulikov D.A. Effects of birth season and thymus transplantation on experimental animal longevity // Biol. Bull. 2019. Vol. 46. N 1. P. 33–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демьяненко С.В., Чистяков В.А., Водопьянов А.С., Брень А.Б. Возрастные изменения тимусзависимого звена иммунной системы // Ж. фунд. мед. биол. 2012. № 1. С. 17–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Демьяненко С.В., Чистяков В.А., Водопьянов А.С., Брень А.Б. Возрастные изменения тимусзависимого звена иммунной системы // Ж. фунд. мед. биол. 2012. № 1. С. 17–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guevara Patino J.A., Marino M.W., Ivanov V.N., Nikolich-Zugich J. Sex steroids induce apoptosis of CD8+CD4+ doublepositive thymocytes via TNF-alpha // Eur. J. Immunol. 2000. Vol. 30. N 9. Р. 2586–2592.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guevara Patino J.A., Marino M.W., Ivanov V.N., Nikolich-Zugich J. Sex steroids induce apoptosis of CD8+CD4+ doublepositive thymocytes via TNF-alpha // Eur. J. Immunol. 2000. Vol. 30. N 9. Р. 2586–2592.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsen N.J., Olson G., Viselli S.M., Gu X., Kovacs W.J. Androgen receptors in thymic epithelium modulate thymus size and thymocyte development // Endocrinology. 2001. Vol. 142. N 3. P. 1278–1283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsen N.J., Olson G., Viselli S.M., Gu X., Kovacs W.J. Androgen receptors in thymic epithelium modulate thymus size and thymocyte development // Endocrinology. 2001. Vol. 142. N 3. P. 1278–1283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hince M., Sakkal S., Vlahos K., Dudakov J., Boyd R., Chidgey A. The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymus involution // Cell. Immunol. 2008. Vol. 252. N 1–2. P. 122–138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hince M., Sakkal S., Vlahos K., Dudakov J., Boyd R., Chidgey A. The role of sex steroids and gonadectomy in the control of thymus involution // Cell. Immunol. 2008. Vol. 252. N 1–2. P. 122–138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulikov A.V., Arkhipova L.V., Smirnova G.N., Korystov Yu.N., Shaposhnikova V.V., Tret’yak T.M., Kulikov D.A., Chailakhyan L.M. May the rate of thymus agerelated involution be reduced by grafting immunocompetent or neural tissues? // Dokl. Biol. Sci. 2007. Vol. 414. N 1. P. 185–186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulikov A.V., Arkhipova L.V., Smirnova G.N., Korystov Yu.N., Shaposhnikova V.V., Tret’yak T.M., Kulikov D.A., Chailakhyan L.M. May the rate of thymus agerelated involution be reduced by grafting immunocompetent or neural tissues? // Dokl. Biol. Sci. 2007. Vol. 414. N 1. P. 185–186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куликов А.В., Архипова Л.В., Смирнова Г.Н. , Новоселова Е.Г., Шпурова Н.А., Шишова Н.В., Сухих Г.Т. Замедление темпа необратимой возрастной атрофии вилочковой железы с помощью атопической аутотрансплантации длительно криоконсервированной ее ткани // Усп. геронтол. 2010. Т. 23. № 1. С. 76–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Куликов А.В., Архипова Л.В., Смирнова Г.Н. , Новоселова Е.Г., Шпурова Н.А., Шишова Н.В., Сухих Г.Т. Замедление темпа необратимой возрастной атрофии вилочковой железы с помощью атопической аутотрансплантации длительно криоконсервированной ее ткани // Усп. геронтол. 2010. Т. 23. № 1. С. 76–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gwartney D., Allison A., Pastuszak A.W., Canales S., Stoll W.T., Lindgren M.C., Eisenberg M.L., Lipshultz L.I. MP47-17 rates of mortality are higher among professional male bodybuilders // J. Urol. 2016. Vol. 199. N 4S: e633.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gwartney D., Allison A., Pastuszak A.W., Canales S., Stoll W.T., Lindgren M.C., Eisenberg M.L., Lipshultz L.I. MP47-17 rates of mortality are higher among professional male bodybuilders // J. Urol. 2016. Vol. 199. N 4S: e633.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сологуб И.С., Муратов И.В., Чилигин Д.В., Хандамаев А.О., Ткаченко П.А., Романов Р.В. Негативное влияние допинга на организм занимающихся бодибилдингом // Междунар. науч.-иссл. журн. 2017. Т. 66. № 12. С. 161–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сологуб И.С., Муратов И.В., Чилигин Д.В., Хандамаев А.О., Ткаченко П.А., Романов Р.В. Негативное влияние допинга на организм занимающихся бодибилдингом // Междунар. науч.-иссл. журн. 2017. Т. 66. № 12. С. 161–166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
