vestnik-bio-msuВестник Московского университета. Серия 16. БиологияVestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya0137-0952Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology10.55959/MSU0137-0952-16-79-2S-11vestnik-bio-msu-1387Research ArticleОБЗОРREVIEWРегуляция сокращения гладкомышечных клеток сосудов в раннем постнатальном онтогенезеRegulation of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction during early postnatal ontogenesishttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-2399ГайнуллинаД. К.GaynullinaD. K.

Гайнуллина Дина Камилевна – докт. биол. наук, вед. науч. cотр. кафедры физиологии человека и животных биологического факультета,

119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12

Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology, 

Leninskie gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234

dina.gaynullina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-3849ТарасоваО. С.TarasovaO. S.

Тарасова Ольга Сергеевна – докт. биол. наук, доц., проф. кафедры физиологии человека и животных биологического факультета;

зав. кафедрой физиологии и патологии факультета фундаментальной медицины,

119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12

Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology,  Leninskie gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234;

Lomonosovsky pr. 27–1, Moscow, 119991

tarasovaos@my.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-7689ШвецоваА. А.ShvetsovaA. A.

Швецова Анастасия Алексеевна – канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. кафедры физиологиичеловека и животных биологического факультета,

119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12

Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology, 

Leninskie gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234

anastasiashvetsova92@gmail.comМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian FederationМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University; Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Basic MedicineRussian Federation202427082024792S5564Copyright © Гайнуллина Д.К., Тарасова О.С., Швецова А.А., 20242024Гайнуллина Д.К., Тарасова О.С., Швецова А.А.Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S., Shvetsova A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1387

Рост организма в раннем постнатальном онтогенезе связан с изменением функционирования многих систем, в том числе сердечно-сосудистой. Для кровеносной системы новорожденных характерны многочисленные структурные и функциональные особенности, что на системном уровне проявляется в существенно более низком артериальном давлении. В этом обзоре рассмотрены различия механизмов регуляции сокращения гладкомышечных клеток сосудов в раннем постнатальном онтогенезе и во взрослом возрасте, включая возрастные изменения функционирования ионных каналов, активность которых влияет на уровень мембранного потенциала и внутриклеточную концентрацию ионов кальция, а также изменения кальциевой чувствительности сократительного аппарата. Заключительный раздел обзора посвящен обсуждению вопроса о связи механизмов регуляции сокращения и дифференцировки гладкомышечных клеток сосудов во время их созревания.

Growth of the body in early postnatal ontogenesis is associated with changes in the functioning of many organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. The circulatory system of newborns is characterized by numerous structural and functional features, which at the systemic level is manifested in a significantly lower level of blood pressure. This review describes the differences in the mechanisms of regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction in early postnatal ontogenesis and in adulthood, including age-related changes in the functioning of ion channels, which activity affects membrane potential level and intracellular concentration of calcium ions, as well as changes in calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. The final section of the review discusses the connection between the mechanisms regulating contraction and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells during maturation.

тонус сосудовионные каналычувствительность сократительного аппарата к ионам кальцияактивные формы кислородадифференцировкаvascular toneion channelscalcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatusreactive oxygen speciesdifferentiationОбзор написан в рамках выполнения Научного проекта государственного задания Правительства Российской Федерации Московскому государственному университету имени М.В. Ломоносова № 121032300071-8.The research was supported by the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121032300071-8.ReferencesKent A.L., Kecskes Z., Shadbolt B., Falk M.C. Normative blood pressure data in the early neonatal period. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(9):1335–1341.Kent A.L., Kecskes Z., Shadbolt B., Falk M.C. Normative blood pressure data in the early neonatal period. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(9):1335–1341.Noori S., Drabu B., Soleymani S., Seri I. Continuous non-invasive cardiac output measurements in the neonate by electrical velocimetry: A comparison with echocardiography. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(5):340–344.Noori S., Drabu B., Soleymani S., Seri I. Continuous non-invasive cardiac output measurements in the neonate by electrical velocimetry: A comparison with echocardiography. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97(5):340–344.Stulcová B. Postnatal development of cardiac output distribution measured by radioactive microspheres in rats. Biol. Neonate. 1977;32(3–4):119–124.Stulcová B. Postnatal development of cardiac output distribution measured by radioactive microspheres in rats. Biol. Neonate. 1977;32(3–4):119–124.Mochalov S. V., Tarasova N. V., Kudryashova T.V., Gaynullina D.K., Kalenchuk V.U., Borovik A.S., Vorotnikov A.V., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Higher Ca2+ -sensitivity of arterial contraction in 1-week-old rats is due to a greater Rho-kinase activity. Acta Physiol. 2018;223(3):e13044.Mochalov S. V., Tarasova N. V., Kudryashova T.V., Gaynullina D.K., Kalenchuk V.U., Borovik A.S., Vorotnikov A.V., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Higher Ca2+ -sensitivity of arterial contraction in 1-week-old rats is due to a greater Rho-kinase activity. Acta Physiol. 2018;223(3):e13044.Puzdrova V.A., Kudryashova T. V., Gaynullina D.K., Mochalov S. V., Aalkjaer C., Nilsson H,, Vorotnikov A.V., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. Trophic action of sympathetic nerves reduces arterial smooth muscle Ca2+ sensitivity during early post-natal development in rats. Acta Physiol. 2014;212(2):128–141.Puzdrova V.A., Kudryashova T. V., Gaynullina D.K., Mochalov S. V., Aalkjaer C., Nilsson H,, Vorotnikov A.V., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. Trophic action of sympathetic nerves reduces arterial smooth muscle Ca2+ sensitivity during early post-natal development in rats. Acta Physiol. 2014;212(2):128–141.Sofronova S.I., Borzykh A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Kuzmin I. V., Shvetsova A.A., Lukoshkova E.V., Tarasova O.S. Endothelial nitric oxide weakens arterial contractile responses and reduces blood pressure during early postnatal development in rats. Nitric Oxide. 2016;55–56:1–9.Sofronova S.I., Borzykh A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Kuzmin I. V., Shvetsova A.A., Lukoshkova E.V., Tarasova O.S. Endothelial nitric oxide weakens arterial contractile responses and reduces blood pressure during early postnatal development in rats. Nitric Oxide. 2016;55–56:1–9.Gaynullina D., Lubomirov L.T., Sofronova S.I., Kalenchuk V.U., Gloe T., Pfitzer G., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Functional remodelling of arterial endothelium during early postnatal development in rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 2013;99(4):612–621.Gaynullina D., Lubomirov L.T., Sofronova S.I., Kalenchuk V.U., Gloe T., Pfitzer G., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Functional remodelling of arterial endothelium during early postnatal development in rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 2013;99(4):612–621.Gaynullina D.K., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. Changes in endothelial nitric oxide production in systemic vessels during early ontogenesis-a key mechanism for the perinatal adaptation of the circulatory system. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20(6):1421.Gaynullina D.K., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. Changes in endothelial nitric oxide production in systemic vessels during early ontogenesis-a key mechanism for the perinatal adaptation of the circulatory system. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20(6):1421.Somlyo A.P., Somlyo A.V. Ca2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: Modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase. Physiol. Rev. 2003;83(4):1325–1358.Somlyo A.P., Somlyo A.V. Ca2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: Modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase. Physiol. Rev. 2003;83(4):1325–1358.Dimopoulos G.J., Semba S., Kitazawa K., Eto M., Kitazawa T. Ca2+-dependent rapid Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in arterial smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 2007;100(1):121–129.Dimopoulos G.J., Semba S., Kitazawa K., Eto M., Kitazawa T. Ca2+-dependent rapid Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in arterial smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 2007;100(1):121–129.Tykocki N.R., Boerman E.M., Jackson W.F. Smooth muscle ion channels and regulation of vascular tone in resistance arteries and arterioles. Compr. Physiol. 2017;7(2):485–581.Tykocki N.R., Boerman E.M., Jackson W.F. Smooth muscle ion channels and regulation of vascular tone in resistance arteries and arterioles. Compr. Physiol. 2017;7(2):485–581.Kitazawa T., Kitazawa K. Size-dependent heterogeneity of contractile Ca2+ sensitization in rat arterial smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 2012;590(2):5401–5423.Kitazawa T., Kitazawa K. Size-dependent heterogeneity of contractile Ca2+ sensitization in rat arterial smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 2012;590(2):5401–5423.Hansen P.B.L. New role of P/Q-type voltagegated calcium channels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2015;65(5):406–411.Hansen P.B.L. New role of P/Q-type voltagegated calcium channels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2015;65(5):406–411.Gollasch M., Haase H., Ried C., Lindschau C., Morano I., Luft F.C., Haller H. L-type calcium channel expression depends on the differentiated state of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 1998;12(7):593–601.Gollasch M., Haase H., Ried C., Lindschau C., Morano I., Luft F.C., Haller H. L-type calcium channel expression depends on the differentiated state of vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J. 1998;12(7):593–601.Quignard J.F., Grazzini E., Guillon G., Harricane M.C., Nargeot J., Richard S. Absence of calcium channels in neonatal rat aortic myocytes. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 1996;431(5):791–793.Quignard J.F., Grazzini E., Guillon G., Harricane M.C., Nargeot J., Richard S. Absence of calcium channels in neonatal rat aortic myocytes. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 1996;431(5):791–793.Nakanishi T., Gu H., Abe K., Momma K. Developmental changes in the contractile system of the mesenteric small artery of rabbit. Pediatr. Res. 1997;41(1):65–71.Nakanishi T., Gu H., Abe K., Momma K. Developmental changes in the contractile system of the mesenteric small artery of rabbit. Pediatr. Res. 1997;41(1):65–71.Lozinskaya I.M., Cox R.H. Effects of age on Ca2+ currents in small mesenteric artery myocytes from WistarKyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens. 1997;29(6):1329–1336.Lozinskaya I.M., Cox R.H. Effects of age on Ca2+ currents in small mesenteric artery myocytes from WistarKyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens. 1997;29(6):1329–1336.Blood A.B., Zhao Y., Long W., Zhang L., Longo L.D. L-type Ca2+ channels in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002;282(1):51–51.Blood A.B., Zhao Y., Long W., Zhang L., Longo L.D. L-type Ca2+ channels in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002;282(1):51–51.Ahmed A., Waters C.M., Leffler C.W., Jaggar J.H. Ionic mechanisms mediating the myogenic response in newborn porcine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2004;287 (5):H2061–H2069.Ahmed A., Waters C.M., Leffler C.W., Jaggar J.H. Ionic mechanisms mediating the myogenic response in newborn porcine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2004;287 (5):H2061–H2069.Long W., Zhao Y., Zhang L., Longo L.D. Role of Ca2+ channels in NE-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and tension in fetal and adult cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1999;277(1):R286–R294.Long W., Zhao Y., Zhang L., Longo L.D. Role of Ca2+ channels in NE-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and tension in fetal and adult cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1999;277(1):R286–R294.Cogolludo A., Moreno L., Lodi F., Tamargo J., Perez-Vizcaino F. Postnatal maturational shift from PKCζ and voltage-gated K+ channels to RhoA/Rho kinase in pulmonary vasoconstriction. Cardiovasc. Res. 2005;66(1):84–93.Cogolludo A., Moreno L., Lodi F., Tamargo J., Perez-Vizcaino F. Postnatal maturational shift from PKCζ and voltage-gated K+ channels to RhoA/Rho kinase in pulmonary vasoconstriction. Cardiovasc. Res. 2005;66(1):84–93.Shen C.P., Romero M., Brunelle A., Wolfe C., Dobyns A., Francis M, Taylor M.S., Puglisi J.L., Loggo L.D., Zhang L., Wilson C.G., Wilson S.M. Longterm high-altitude hypoxia influences pulmonary arterial L-type calcium channel-mediated Ca2+ signals and contraction in fetal and adult sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2018;314(3):R433–R446.Shen C.P., Romero M., Brunelle A., Wolfe C., Dobyns A., Francis M, Taylor M.S., Puglisi J.L., Loggo L.D., Zhang L., Wilson C.G., Wilson S.M. Longterm high-altitude hypoxia influences pulmonary arterial L-type calcium channel-mediated Ca2+ signals and contraction in fetal and adult sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2018;314(3):R433–R446.Ricci A., Bronzetti E., El-Assouad D., Felici L., Greco S., Mariotta S., Sabbatini M., Amenta F. Influence of age on L-type Ca2+ channels in the pulmonary artery and vein of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000;120(1–3):33–44.Ricci A., Bronzetti E., El-Assouad D., Felici L., Greco S., Mariotta S., Sabbatini M., Amenta F. Influence of age on L-type Ca2+ channels in the pulmonary artery and vein of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000;120(1–3):33–44.House S.J., Potier M., Bisaillon J., Singer H.A., Trebak M. The non-excitable smooth muscle: Calcium signaling and phenotypic switching during vascular disease. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2008;456(5):769–785.House S.J., Potier M., Bisaillon J., Singer H.A., Trebak M. The non-excitable smooth muscle: Calcium signaling and phenotypic switching during vascular disease. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2008;456(5):769–785.Soni H., Peixoto-Neves D., Buddington R.K., Adebiyi A. Adenosine A1 receptor-operated calcium entry in renal afferent arterioles is dependent on postnatal maturation of TRPC3 channels. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2017;313(6):F1216–F1222.Soni H., Peixoto-Neves D., Buddington R.K., Adebiyi A. Adenosine A1 receptor-operated calcium entry in renal afferent arterioles is dependent on postnatal maturation of TRPC3 channels. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2017;313(6):F1216–F1222.Chipperfield A.R., Harper A.A. Chloride in smooth muscle. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2000;74(3–5):175–221.Chipperfield A.R., Harper A.A. Chloride in smooth muscle. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 2000;74(3–5):175–221.Hübner C.A., Schroeder B.C., Ehmke H. Regulation of vascular tone and arterial blood pressure: role of chloride transport in vascular smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2015;467(3):605–614.Hübner C.A., Schroeder B.C., Ehmke H. Regulation of vascular tone and arterial blood pressure: role of chloride transport in vascular smooth muscle. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2015;467(3):605–614.Nilsson H., Videbæk L.M., Toma C., Mulvany M.J. Role of intracellular calcium for depolarization in rat mesenteric small arteries. J. Vasc. Res. 1998;35:36–44.Nilsson H., Videbæk L.M., Toma C., Mulvany M.J. Role of intracellular calcium for depolarization in rat mesenteric small arteries. J. Vasc. Res. 1998;35:36–44.Boedtkjer D.M.B., Kim S., Jensen A.B., Matchkov V.M., Andersson K.E. New selective inhibitors of calcium-activated chloride channels – T16Ainh-A01, CaCCinh-A01 and MONNA – what do they inhibit? Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015;172(16):4158–4171.Boedtkjer D.M.B., Kim S., Jensen A.B., Matchkov V.M., Andersson K.E. New selective inhibitors of calcium-activated chloride channels – T16Ainh-A01, CaCCinh-A01 and MONNA – what do they inhibit? Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015;172(16):4158–4171.Nelson M.T., Conway M.A., Knot H.J., Brayden J.E. Chloride channel blockers inhibit myogenic tone in rat cerebral arteries. J. Physiol. 1997;502(2):259–264.Nelson M.T., Conway M.A., Knot H.J., Brayden J.E. Chloride channel blockers inhibit myogenic tone in rat cerebral arteries. J. Physiol. 1997;502(2):259–264.Lamb F.S., Barna T.J. Chloride ion currents contribute functionally to norepinephrine-induced vascular contraction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1998;275(1):151–160.Lamb F.S., Barna T.J. Chloride ion currents contribute functionally to norepinephrine-induced vascular contraction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1998;275(1):151–160.Kostyunina D.S., Zhang L., Shvetsova A.A., Selivanova E.K., Tarasova O.S., Matchkov VV., Gaynullina D.K. Trophic sympathetic influence weakens pro-contractile role of Cl− channels in rat arteries during postnatal maturation. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):20002.Kostyunina D.S., Zhang L., Shvetsova A.A., Selivanova E.K., Tarasova O.S., Matchkov VV., Gaynullina D.K. Trophic sympathetic influence weakens pro-contractile role of Cl− channels in rat arteries during postnatal maturation. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):20002.Heinze C., Seniuk A., Sokolov M.V., Huebner A.K., Klementowicz A.E., Szijártó I.A., Schleifenbaum J., Vitzthum H., Gollasch M., Ehmke H., Schroeder B.C., Hübner C.A. Disruption of vascular Ca2+-activated chloride currents lowers blood pressure. J. Clin. Invest. 2014;124(2):675–686.Heinze C., Seniuk A., Sokolov M.V., Huebner A.K., Klementowicz A.E., Szijártó I.A., Schleifenbaum J., Vitzthum H., Gollasch M., Ehmke H., Schroeder B.C., Hübner C.A. Disruption of vascular Ca2+-activated chloride currents lowers blood pressure. J. Clin. Invest. 2014;124(2):675–686.Jensen A.B., Joergensen H.B., Dam V.S., Kamaev D., Boedtkjer D., Füchtbauer E.-M., Aalkjaer C., Matchkov V.V. Variable contribution of TMEM16A to tone in murine arterial vasculature. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2018;123(1):30–41.Jensen A.B., Joergensen H.B., Dam V.S., Kamaev D., Boedtkjer D., Füchtbauer E.-M., Aalkjaer C., Matchkov V.V. Variable contribution of TMEM16A to tone in murine arterial vasculature. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2018;123(1):30–41.Broegger T., Jacobsen J.C.B., Secher Dam V., Boedtkjer D.M.B., Kold-Petersen H., Pedersen F.S, Pedersen F.S., Aalkjaer C., Matchkov V.V. Bestrophin is important for the rhythmic but not the tonic contraction in rat mesenteric small arteries. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011;91(4):685–693.Broegger T., Jacobsen J.C.B., Secher Dam V., Boedtkjer D.M.B., Kold-Petersen H., Pedersen F.S, Pedersen F.S., Aalkjaer C., Matchkov V.V. Bestrophin is important for the rhythmic but not the tonic contraction in rat mesenteric small arteries. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011;91(4):685–693.Kostyunina D.S., Tarasova O.S., Gaynullina D.K., Matchkov V.V. Pro-contractile role of chloride in arterial smooth muscle: Postnatal decline potentially governed by sympathetic nerves. Exp. Physiol. 2019;104(7):1018–1022.Kostyunina D.S., Tarasova O.S., Gaynullina D.K., Matchkov V.V. Pro-contractile role of chloride in arterial smooth muscle: Postnatal decline potentially governed by sympathetic nerves. Exp. Physiol. 2019;104(7):1018–1022.Belevych A.E., Beck R., Tammaro P., Poston L., Smirnov S.V. Developmental changes in the functional characteristics and expression of voltage-gated K+ channel currents in rat aortic myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 2002;54(1):152–161.Belevych A.E., Beck R., Tammaro P., Poston L., Smirnov S.V. Developmental changes in the functional characteristics and expression of voltage-gated K+ channel currents in rat aortic myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res. 2002;54(1):152–161.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Negative feedback regulation of vasocontraction by potassium channels in 10- to 15-day-old rats: Dominating role of Kv 7 channels. Acta Physiol. 2019;225(2):e13176.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Negative feedback regulation of vasocontraction by potassium channels in 10- to 15-day-old rats: Dominating role of Kv 7 channels. Acta Physiol. 2019;225(2):e13176.Long W., Zhang L., Longo L.D. Cerebral artery KATP- and KCa-channel activity and contractility: changes with development. Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000;279(6):R2004–R2014.Long W., Zhang L., Longo L.D. Cerebral artery KATP- and KCa-channel activity and contractility: changes with development. Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000;279(6):R2004–R2014.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Schmidt N., Bugert P., Lukoshkova E. V., Tarasova O.S, Schubert R. TASK-1 channel blockade by AVE1231 increases vasocontractile responses and BP in 1- to 2-week-old but not adult rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2020;177(22):5148–5162.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Schmidt N., Bugert P., Lukoshkova E. V., Tarasova O.S, Schubert R. TASK-1 channel blockade by AVE1231 increases vasocontractile responses and BP in 1- to 2-week-old but not adult rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2020;177(22):5148–5162.Gomez J.P., Ghisdal P., Morel N. Changes of the potassium currents in rat aortic smooth muscle cells during postnatal development. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2000;441(2–3):388–397.Gomez J.P., Ghisdal P., Morel N. Changes of the potassium currents in rat aortic smooth muscle cells during postnatal development. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 2000;441(2–3):388–397.Bregestovski P.D., Printseva O.Yu., Serebryakov V., Stinnakre J., Turmin A., Zamoyski V. Comparison of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in the membrane of smooth muscle cells isolated from adult and foetal human aorta. Pflugers Arch. 1988;413(1):8–13.Bregestovski P.D., Printseva O.Yu., Serebryakov V., Stinnakre J., Turmin A., Zamoyski V. Comparison of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in the membrane of smooth muscle cells isolated from adult and foetal human aorta. Pflugers Arch. 1988;413(1):8–13.Gollasch M., Wellman G.C., Knot H.J., Jaggar J.H., Damon D.H., Bonev A.D., Nelson M.T. Ontogeny of local sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signals in cerebral arteries: Ca2+ sparks as elementary physiological events. Circ. Res. 1998;83(11):1104–1114.Gollasch M., Wellman G.C., Knot H.J., Jaggar J.H., Damon D.H., Bonev A.D., Nelson M.T. Ontogeny of local sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signals in cerebral arteries: Ca2+ sparks as elementary physiological events. Circ. Res. 1998;83(11):1104–1114.Ma D., Gaynullina D., Schmidt N., Mladenov M., Schubert R. The functional availability of arterial Kv 7 channels is suppressed considerably by large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in 2- to 3-month old but not in 10- to 15-day old rats. Front. Physiol. 2020;11:597395.Ma D., Gaynullina D., Schmidt N., Mladenov M., Schubert R. The functional availability of arterial Kv 7 channels is suppressed considerably by large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in 2- to 3-month old but not in 10- to 15-day old rats. Front. Physiol. 2020;11:597395.Teng G.Q., Nauli S.M., Brayden J.E., Pearce W.J. Maturation alters the contribution of potassium channels to resting and 5HT-induced tone in small cerebral arteries of the sheep. Dev. Brain Res. 2002;133(2):81–91.Teng G.Q., Nauli S.M., Brayden J.E., Pearce W.J. Maturation alters the contribution of potassium channels to resting and 5HT-induced tone in small cerebral arteries of the sheep. Dev. Brain Res. 2002;133(2):81–91.Thorpe R.B., Stockman S.L., Williams J.M., Lincoln T.M., Pearce W.J. Hypoxic depression of PKGmediated inhibition of serotonergic contraction in ovine carotid arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2013;304(9):R734–R743.Thorpe R.B., Stockman S.L., Williams J.M., Lincoln T.M., Pearce W.J. Hypoxic depression of PKGmediated inhibition of serotonergic contraction in ovine carotid arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2013;304(9):R734–R743.Bao L., Cox D.H. Gating and ionic currents reveal how the BKCa channel’s Ca2+ sensitivity is enhanced by its β1 subunit. J. Gen. Physiol. 2005;126(4):393–412.Bao L., Cox D.H. Gating and ionic currents reveal how the BKCa channel’s Ca2+ sensitivity is enhanced by its β1 subunit. J. Gen. Physiol. 2005;126(4):393–412.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Remodeling of arterial tone regulation in postnatal development: Focus on smooth muscle cell potassium channels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(11):5413.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S., Schubert R. Remodeling of arterial tone regulation in postnatal development: Focus on smooth muscle cell potassium channels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(11):5413.Rhodes M.T., Porter V.A., Saqueton C.B., Herron J.M., Resnik E.R., Cornfield D.N. Pulmonary vascular response to normoxia and KCa channel activity is developmentally regulated. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2001;280(6):L1250–1257.Rhodes M.T., Porter V.A., Saqueton C.B., Herron J.M., Resnik E.R., Cornfield D.N. Pulmonary vascular response to normoxia and KCa channel activity is developmentally regulated. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2001;280(6):L1250–1257.Cornfield D.N., Saqueton C.B., Porter V.A, Herron J., Resnik E., Haddad I.Y., Reeve H.L. Voltage-gated K(+)-channel activity in ovine pulmonary vasculature is developmentally regulated. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2000;278(6):L1297–L1304.Cornfield D.N., Saqueton C.B., Porter V.A, Herron J., Resnik E., Haddad I.Y., Reeve H.L. Voltage-gated K(+)-channel activity in ovine pulmonary vasculature is developmentally regulated. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2000;278(6):L1297–L1304.Reeve H.L., Weir E.K., Archer S.L., Cornfield D.N. A maturational shift in pulmonary K+ channels, from Ca2+ sensitive to voltage dependent. Am. J. Physiol. 1998;27596):L1019–1025.Reeve H.L., Weir E.K., Archer S.L., Cornfield D.N. A maturational shift in pulmonary K+ channels, from Ca2+ sensitive to voltage dependent. Am. J. Physiol. 1998;27596):L1019–1025.Pearce W.J., Elliott S.R. Maturation enhances the sensitivity of ovine cerebral arteries to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator lemakalim. Pediatr. Res. 1994;35(6):729–732.Pearce W.J., Elliott S.R. Maturation enhances the sensitivity of ovine cerebral arteries to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator lemakalim. Pediatr. Res. 1994;35(6):729–732.Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Developmental changes in the calcium sensitivity of rabbit cranial arteries. Biol. Neonate. 1998;74(1):60–71. 54. Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Physiological variations in ovine cerebrovascular calcium sensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1997;272(5):41–45.Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Developmental changes in the calcium sensitivity of rabbit cranial arteries. Biol. Neonate. 1998;74(1):60–71. 54. Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Physiological variations in ovine cerebrovascular calcium sensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1997;272(5):41–45.Sandoval R.J., Injeti E.R., Williams J.M., Georthoffer W.T., Pearce W.J. Myogenic contractility is more dependent on myofilament calcium sensitization in term fetal than adult ovine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007;293(1):H548–H556.Sandoval R.J., Injeti E.R., Williams J.M., Georthoffer W.T., Pearce W.J. Myogenic contractility is more dependent on myofilament calcium sensitization in term fetal than adult ovine cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007;293(1):H548–H556.Воротников А.В., Щербакова О.В., Кудряшова Т.В., Тарасова О.С., Ширинский В.П., Пфитцер Г., Ткачук В.А. Фосфорилирование миозина как основной путь регуляции сокращения гладких мышц. Росс. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2009;95(10):1058–1073.Воротников А.В., Щербакова О.В., Кудряшова Т.В., Тарасова О.С., Ширинский В.П., Пфитцер Г., Ткачук В.А. Фосфорилирование миозина как основной путь регуляции сокращения гладких мышц. Росс. физиол. журн. им. И.М. Сеченова. 2009;95(10):1058–1073.Pearce W.J., Williams J.M., Chang M.M., Gerthoffer W.T. ERK inhibition attenuates 5-HT-induced contractions in fetal and adult ovine carotid arteries. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2003;111(1):36–44.Pearce W.J., Williams J.M., Chang M.M., Gerthoffer W.T. ERK inhibition attenuates 5-HT-induced contractions in fetal and adult ovine carotid arteries. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2003;111(1):36–44.Gaynullina D.K., Kudryashova T.V., Vorotnikov A.V., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. MAPKs are highly abundant but do not contribute to α1-adrenergic contraction of rat saphenous arteries in the early postnatal period. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(11):6037.Gaynullina D.K., Kudryashova T.V., Vorotnikov A.V., Schubert R., Tarasova O.S. MAPKs are highly abundant but do not contribute to α1-adrenergic contraction of rat saphenous arteries in the early postnatal period. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(11):6037.Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Regulation of Ca2+ sensitization by PKC and rho proteins in ovine cerebral arteries: Effects of artery size and age. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1998;275(3):930–939.Akopov S.E., Zhang L., Pearce W.J. Regulation of Ca2+ sensitization by PKC and rho proteins in ovine cerebral arteries: Effects of artery size and age. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1998;275(3):930–939.Mochalov S.V., Kalenchuk V.U., Gainullina D.K., Vorotnikov A.V., Tarasova O.S. The contribution of protein kinase C and Rho-kinase to the regulation of receptordependent contraction of arteries decreases with age independently of sympathetic innervation. Biophysics (Mosc.). 2008;53(6):626–631.Mochalov S.V., Kalenchuk V.U., Gainullina D.K., Vorotnikov A.V., Tarasova O.S. The contribution of protein kinase C and Rho-kinase to the regulation of receptordependent contraction of arteries decreases with age independently of sympathetic innervation. Biophysics (Mosc.). 2008;53(6):626–631.Knock G.A. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2019;145:385–427.Knock G.A. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2019;145:385–427.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. The role of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of blood vessel tone in perinatal and early postnatal ontogenesis. J. Evolutionary Biochem. Physiol. 2023;59(6):2210–2227.Shvetsova A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. The role of reactive oxygen species in the regulation of blood vessel tone in perinatal and early postnatal ontogenesis. J. Evolutionary Biochem. Physiol. 2023;59(6):2210–2227.Brinks L., Moonen R.M.J., Moral-Sanz J., Barreira B., Kessels L., Perez-Vizcaino F., Collogudo A., Villamor E. Hypoxia-induced contraction of chicken embryo mesenteric arteries: Mechanisms and developmental changes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2016;311(5):R858–R869.Brinks L., Moonen R.M.J., Moral-Sanz J., Barreira B., Kessels L., Perez-Vizcaino F., Collogudo A., Villamor E. Hypoxia-induced contraction of chicken embryo mesenteric arteries: Mechanisms and developmental changes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2016;311(5):R858–R869.Thakor A.S., Richter H.G., Kane A.D., Dunster C., Kelly F.J., Poston L., Giussani D.A. Redox modulation of the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxaemia. J. Physiol. 2010;588(21):4235–4247.Thakor A.S., Richter H.G., Kane A.D., Dunster C., Kelly F.J., Poston L., Giussani D.A. Redox modulation of the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxaemia. J. Physiol. 2010;588(21):4235–4247.Kane A.D., Hansell J.A., Herrera E.A., Allison B.J., Niu Y., Brain K.L., Kaandorp J.J., Derks J.B., Giussani D.A. Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. J. Physiol. 2014;592(3):475–489.Kane A.D., Hansell J.A., Herrera E.A., Allison B.J., Niu Y., Brain K.L., Kaandorp J.J., Derks J.B., Giussani D.A. Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. J. Physiol. 2014;592(3):475–489.Michelakis E.D., Rebeyka I., Wu X.C., Nsair A., Thébaud B., Hashimoto K., Dyck J.R., Haromy A., Harry G., Barr A., Archer S.L. O2 sensing in the human ductus arteriosus: Regulation of voltage-gated K+ channels in smooth muscle cells by a mitochondrial redox sensor. Circ. Res. 2002;91(6):478–486.Michelakis E.D., Rebeyka I., Wu X.C., Nsair A., Thébaud B., Hashimoto K., Dyck J.R., Haromy A., Harry G., Barr A., Archer S.L. O2 sensing in the human ductus arteriosus: Regulation of voltage-gated K+ channels in smooth muscle cells by a mitochondrial redox sensor. Circ. Res. 2002;91(6):478–486.Cogolludo A.L., Moral-Sanz J., Van Der Sterren S., Frazziano G., Van Cleef A.N.H. Maturation of O2 sensing and signaling in the chicken ductus arteriosus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2009;297(4):619–630.Cogolludo A.L., Moral-Sanz J., Van Der Sterren S., Frazziano G., Van Cleef A.N.H. Maturation of O2 sensing and signaling in the chicken ductus arteriosus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2009;297(4):619–630.Reeve H.L., Tolarova S., Nelson D.P., Archer S., Kenneth Weir E. Redox control of oxygen sensing in the rabbit ductus arteriosus. J. Physiol. 2001;533(1):253–261.Reeve H.L., Tolarova S., Nelson D.P., Archer S., Kenneth Weir E. Redox control of oxygen sensing in the rabbit ductus arteriosus. J. Physiol. 2001;533(1):253–261.Kajimoto H., Hashimoto K., Bonnet S.N., Haromy A., Harry G., Moudgil R., Nakanishi T., Rebeyka I., Thébaud B., Michelakis E.D., Archer S.I. Oxygen activates the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and induces RhoB and ROCK-1 expression in human and rabbit ductus arteriosus by increasing mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species: A newly recognized mechanism for sustaining ductal constriction. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1777–1788.Kajimoto H., Hashimoto K., Bonnet S.N., Haromy A., Harry G., Moudgil R., Nakanishi T., Rebeyka I., Thébaud B., Michelakis E.D., Archer S.I. Oxygen activates the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and induces RhoB and ROCK-1 expression in human and rabbit ductus arteriosus by increasing mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species: A newly recognized mechanism for sustaining ductal constriction. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1777–1788.Shvetsova A.A., Khlystova M.A., Makukha Y.A., Shateeva V.S., Borzykh A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. Reactive oxygen species augment contractile responses of saphenous artery in 10-15-day-old but not adult rats: Substantial role of NADPH oxidases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2024;216:24–32.Shvetsova A.A., Khlystova M.A., Makukha Y.A., Shateeva V.S., Borzykh A.A., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. Reactive oxygen species augment contractile responses of saphenous artery in 10-15-day-old but not adult rats: Substantial role of NADPH oxidases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2024;216:24–32.Vogel P.A., Yang X., Moss N.G., Arendshorst W.J. Superoxide enhances Ca2+ entry through L-type channels in the renal afferent arteriole. Hypertension. 2015:66(2):374–381.Vogel P.A., Yang X., Moss N.G., Arendshorst W.J. Superoxide enhances Ca2+ entry through L-type channels in the renal afferent arteriole. Hypertension. 2015:66(2):374–381.Ding Y., Winters A., Ding M., Graham S., Akopova I., Muallem S., Wang Y., Hee Hong J., Gryczynski Z., Yang S.-H., Birnbaumer L., Ma R. Reactive oxygen species-mediated TRPC6 protein activation in vascular myocytes, a mechanism for vasoconstrictor-regulated vascular tone. J. Biol. Chem. 2011;286(36):31799–31809.Ding Y., Winters A., Ding M., Graham S., Akopova I., Muallem S., Wang Y., Hee Hong J., Gryczynski Z., Yang S.-H., Birnbaumer L., Ma R. Reactive oxygen species-mediated TRPC6 protein activation in vascular myocytes, a mechanism for vasoconstrictor-regulated vascular tone. J. Biol. Chem. 2011;286(36):31799–31809.Snetkov V.A., Smirnov S.V., Kua J., Aaronson P.I., Ward J.P., Knock G.A. Superoxide differentially controls pulmonary and systemic vascular tone through multiple signalling pathways. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011;89(1):214–224.Snetkov V.A., Smirnov S.V., Kua J., Aaronson P.I., Ward J.P., Knock G.A. Superoxide differentially controls pulmonary and systemic vascular tone through multiple signalling pathways. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011;89(1):214–224.Knock G.A., Snetkov V.A., Shaifta Y., Aaronson P.I., Ward J.P.T., Knock G.A. Superoxide constricts rat pulmonary arteries via Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2009;46(5):633–642.Knock G.A., Snetkov V.A., Shaifta Y., Aaronson P.I., Ward J.P.T., Knock G.A. Superoxide constricts rat pulmonary arteries via Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2009;46(5):633–642.Bruckner M., Binder-Heschl C., Schwaberger B., Mileder L.P., Baik-Schneditz N., Koestenberger M., Avian A., Urlesberger B., Pichler G. Cerebral and peripheral tissue oxygenation in stable neonates: Absent influence of cardiac function. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(8):1560–1569.Bruckner M., Binder-Heschl C., Schwaberger B., Mileder L.P., Baik-Schneditz N., Koestenberger M., Avian A., Urlesberger B., Pichler G. Cerebral and peripheral tissue oxygenation in stable neonates: Absent influence of cardiac function. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(8):1560–1569.Rudolph A.M. Distribution and regulation of blood flow in the fetal and neonatal lamb. Circ. Res. 1985;57(6):811–821.Rudolph A.M. Distribution and regulation of blood flow in the fetal and neonatal lamb. Circ. Res. 1985;57(6):811–821.Charles S.M., Zhang L., Cipolla M.J., Buchholz J.N., Pearce W.J. Roles of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and myofilament Ca2+ sensitization in age-dependent cerebrovascular myogenic tone. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2010;299(4):H1034– H1044.Charles S.M., Zhang L., Cipolla M.J., Buchholz J.N., Pearce W.J. Roles of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and myofilament Ca2+ sensitization in age-dependent cerebrovascular myogenic tone. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2010;299(4):H1034– H1044.Reho J.J., Zheng X., Benjamin J.E., Fisher S.A. Neural programming of mesenteric and renal arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2014;307(4):H563–H573.Reho J.J., Zheng X., Benjamin J.E., Fisher S.A. Neural programming of mesenteric and renal arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2014;307(4):H563–H573.Badran A., Nasser S.A., Mesmar J., El-Yazbi A.F., Bitto A, Fardoun M.M., Baydoun E., Eid A.H. Reactive oxygen species: Modulators of phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(22):8764.Badran A., Nasser S.A., Mesmar J., El-Yazbi A.F., Bitto A, Fardoun M.M., Baydoun E., Eid A.H. Reactive oxygen species: Modulators of phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(22):8764.Sawma T., Shaito A., Najm N., Sidani M., Orekhov A., El-Yazbi A.F., Iratni R., Eid A.H. Role of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase in phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for vascular function. Atherosclerosis. 2022;358:12–28.Sawma T., Shaito A., Najm N., Sidani M., Orekhov A., El-Yazbi A.F., Iratni R., Eid A.H. Role of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase in phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications for vascular function. Atherosclerosis. 2022;358:12–28.Wamhoff B.R., Bowles D.K., McDonald O.G., Sinha S., Somlyo A.P., Somlyo A.V., Owens G.K. L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels modulate expression of smooth muscle differentiation marker genes via a Rho kinase/myocardin/SRF-dependent mechanism. Circ. Res. 2004;95(4):406–414.Wamhoff B.R., Bowles D.K., McDonald O.G., Sinha S., Somlyo A.P., Somlyo A.V., Owens G.K. L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels modulate expression of smooth muscle differentiation marker genes via a Rho kinase/myocardin/SRF-dependent mechanism. Circ. Res. 2004;95(4):406–414.Hellstrand P., Albinsson S. Stretch-dependent growth and differentiation in vascular smooth muscle: role of the actin cytoskeleton. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2005;83(10):869–875.Hellstrand P., Albinsson S. Stretch-dependent growth and differentiation in vascular smooth muscle: role of the actin cytoskeleton. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2005;83(10):869–875.Mack C.P., Somlyo A.V, Hautmann M., Somlyo A.P., Owens G.K. Smooth muscle differentiation marker gene expression is regulated by RhoA-mediated actin polymerization. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276(1):341–347.Mack C.P., Somlyo A.V, Hautmann M., Somlyo A.P., Owens G.K. Smooth muscle differentiation marker gene expression is regulated by RhoA-mediated actin polymerization. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276(1):341–347.Clempus R.E., Sorescu D., Dikalova A.E., Pounkova L., Jo P., Sorescu G.P., Schmidt H.H.H., Lassègue B., Griendling K.K. Nox4 is required for maintenance of the differentiated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007;27(1):42–48.Clempus R.E., Sorescu D., Dikalova A.E., Pounkova L., Jo P., Sorescu G.P., Schmidt H.H.H., Lassègue B., Griendling K.K. Nox4 is required for maintenance of the differentiated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007;27(1):42–48.Xiao Q., Luo Z., Pepe A.E., Margariti A., Zeng L., Xu Q. Embryonic stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells is mediated by Nox4-produced H2O2. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2009;296(4):711–723.Xiao Q., Luo Z., Pepe A.E., Margariti A., Zeng L., Xu Q. Embryonic stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells is mediated by Nox4-produced H2O2. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2009;296(4):711–723.Shvetsova A.A., Borzykh A.A., Selivanova E.K., Kiryukhina O.O., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. Intrauterine nitric oxide deficiency weakens differentiation of vascular smooth muscle in newborn rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(15):8003.Shvetsova A.A., Borzykh A.A., Selivanova E.K., Kiryukhina O.O., Gaynullina D.K., Tarasova O.S. Intrauterine nitric oxide deficiency weakens differentiation of vascular smooth muscle in newborn rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22(15):8003.Sauzeau V., Rolli-Derkinderen M., Marionneau C., Loirand G., Pacaud P. RhoA expression is controlled by nitric oxide through cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278(11):9472–9480.Sauzeau V., Rolli-Derkinderen M., Marionneau C., Loirand G., Pacaud P. RhoA expression is controlled by nitric oxide through cGMP-dependent protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278(11):9472–9480.Pilz R.B., Casteel D.E. Regulation of gene expression by cyclic GMP. Circ. Res. 2003;93(11):1034–1046.Pilz R.B., Casteel D.E. Regulation of gene expression by cyclic GMP. Circ. Res. 2003;93(11):1034–1046.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.