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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestnik-bio-msu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 16. Биология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0137-0952</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Lomonosov Moscow State University,  School of Biology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55959/MSU0137-0952-16-79-4-7</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestnik-bio-msu-1433</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Общие закономерности онтогенеза Ambulacraria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>General patterns of the ontogenesis of Ambulacraria</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-2354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakhov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малахов Владимир Васильевич – докт. биол. наук, проф., акад. РАН, зав. кафедрой зоологии беспозвоночных</p><p>119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12, Тел.: 8-495-939-27-76 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leninskye gory, 1–12, Moscow, 119234 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vmalakhov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-7769</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ежова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ezhova</surname><given-names>О. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ежова Ольга Владимировна – канд. биол. наук, доц. кафедры зоологии беспозвоночных </p><p>119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12, Тел.: 8-495-939-27-76 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leninskye gory, 1–12, Moscow, 119234 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga_ejova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1846-0780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Екимова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekimova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Екимова Ирина Александровна – канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. кафедры зоологии беспозвоночных</p><p>119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12, Тел.: 8-495-939-27-76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leninskye gory, 1–12, Moscow, 119234 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irenekimova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-2787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ганцевич</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gantsevich</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ганцевич Михаил Маркович – канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. кафедры зоологии беспозвоночных </p><p>119234, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 12, Тел.: 8-495-939-27-76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leninskye gory, 1–12, Moscow, 119234 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mgantsevich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра зоологии беспозвоночных, биологический факультет, Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Invertebrate zoology, Faculty of biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>79</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>268</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малахов В.В., Ежова О.В., Екимова И.А., Ганцевич М.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малахов В.В., Ежова О.В., Екимова И.А., Ганцевич М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malakhov V.V., Ezhova О.V., Ekimova I.A., Gantsevich М.М.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1433">https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1433</self-uri><abstract><p>Предполагается, что жизненный цикл с участием двух личинок (планктотрофной и резервотрофной) является синапоморфией Ambulacraria. Планктотрофные личинки имеют сложный ресничный шнур и используют «up-stream»-фильтрацию для питания. Планктотрофные личинки претерпевают метаморфоз и превращаются в непитающихся личинок с полными или неполными ресничными кольцами. Эти личинки используют не желток, а запасы, накопленные на предыдущей планктотрофной стадии, поэтому их можно назвать резервотрофными. Среди иглокожих голотурии имеют жизненный цикл, который может рассматриваться как плезиоморфный. Он включает планктотрофную личинку (аурикулярию) и резервотрофную личинку (долиолярию). Большинство иглокожих потеряли резервотрофных личинок, хотя рудиментарные долиолярии известны у некоторых морских ежей и офиур. У большинства морских лилий есть только личинки долиолярии, хотя у стебельчатых морских лилий есть аурикулярии, за которыми следуют долиолярии, но обе личинки лецитотрофны. У кишечнодышащих Spengelidae и Ptychoderidae есть планктотрофные торнарии, за которыми следуют резервотрофные личинки Агассиса. Виды семейства Harrimaniidae утратили торнарий, но сохранили лецитотрофных личинок Агассица. Гигантские планктотрофные личинки были обнаружены как у иглокожих, так и у полухордовых. Глубоководная голотурия Protankyra brychia имеет гигантскую личинку, известную под названием Auricularia nudibranchiata. Возможно, что гигантская торнария, известная под названием Planctosphaera pelagica, является личинкой какого-то вида глубоководных кишечнодышащих.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The life cycle with two larvae (planktotrophic and reserve-trophic) is assumed to be a synapomorphy of Ambulacraria. Planktotrophic larvae have a complex ciliary band and use the “up-stream” filtration for nutrition. Planktotrophic larvae undergo metamorphosis and turn into non-feeding larvae with complete or incomplete ciliary rings. These larvae do not use the yolk, but the reserves stored at the previous planktotrophic stage, therefore they can be called reservetrophic. Among echinoderms, holothurian life cycle is assumed to be plesiomorphic. It includes a planktotrophic larva (auricularia) followed by a reserve-trophic larva (doliolaria). Most echinoderms have lost their reserve-trophic larvae, although rudimentary doliolarians are known in some sea urchins and brittle stars. Most crinoids have doliolaria larvae only, although stalked sea lilies have auricularia followed by doliolaria, but both larvae are lecithotrophic. In enteropneusts, Spengelidae and Ptychoderidae have planktotrophic tornarians followed by reserve-trophic Agassiz larvae. Species of the Harrimaniidae have lost tornarians, but have retained the lecithotrophic Agassiz larvae. The giant planktotrophic larvae were recorded both in echinoderms and hemichordates. The deep-sea holothurian Protankyra brychia has giant larva known by the name Auricularia nudibranchiata. It is possible that the giant tornarian known by the name Planctosphaera pelagica is a larva of some species of deep-sea enteropneust.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Ambulacraria</kwd><kwd>аурикулярия</kwd><kwd>долиолярия</kwd><kwd>торнария</kwd><kwd>личинка Агассица</kwd><kwd>Planctosphaera</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ambulacraria</kwd><kwd>auricularia</kwd><kwd>doliolaria</kwd><kwd>tornaria</kwd><kwd>Agassiz larva</kwd><kwd>Planctosphaera</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-14-00047).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project number 23-14-00047.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller J. 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