<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestnik-bio-msu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Московского университета. Серия 16. Биология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0137-0952</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Lomonosov Moscow State University,  School of Biology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1234/XXXX-XXXX-2013-4-18-22</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestnik-bio-msu-33</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Геронтология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Gerontology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ТЕРМИНА “CELLULAR SENESCENCE” И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СОСТОЯНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ЦИТОГЕРОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EVOLUTION OF THE TERM “CELLULAR SENESCENCE” AND IMPACT OF THIS EVOLUTION ON THE CURRENT CYTOGERONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. биол. наук, зав. сектором эволюционной цитогеронтологии биологического факультета МГУ. Тел.: 8-495-939-15-90</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khokhlov@mail.bio.msu.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>05</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хохлов А.Н., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/33">https://vestnik-bio-msu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/33</self-uri><abstract><p>Термин “клеточное старение” (cellular/cell senescence) был введен в обращение Леонардом Хейфликом для описания “возрастных” изменений нормальных эукариотических клеток при старении in vitro, т.е. при исчерпании ими митотического потенциала. В “классическом” варианте подразумевалось, что клетки “стареют” с помощью некоторого внутреннего механизма, вследствие чего в них появляются различные макромолекулярные дефекты (в первую очередь — повреждения ДНК). В настоящее же время, как правило, говоря о “клеточном старении”, подразумевают накопление/появление в клетках (чаще всего — трансформированных, которым не свойственно репликативное старение) определенных “биомаркеров старения” под влиянием различных внешних факторов (окислительного стресса, H2O2, митомицина C, этанола, ионизирующей радиации, доксорубицина и др.), вызывающих повреждение ДНК. Это явление было названо DDR (DNA Damage Response). Среди упомянутых биомаркеров — активность бета-галактозидазы pH 6,0, экспрессия белков p53 и p21, а также белков-регуляторов воспаления вроде IL-6 или IL-8, активация онкогенов и др. Таким образом, “старение” клеток происходит не само по себе, а вследствие воздействия ДНК-повреждающих агентов. Такой подход, на мой взгляд, хотя и очень важен для определения стратегии борьбы с раком, но уже в который раз уводит нас от изучения реальных механизмов старения организма. Необходимо подчеркнуть, что в используемой в моей лаборатории модели “стационарного старения” мы тоже фиксируем появление определенных биомаркеров старения в культивируемых клетках, однако в этом случае они возникают из-за ограничения их пролиферации с помощью контактного торможения, т.е. вполне физиологического воздействия, которое само по себе не вызывает никаких повреждений в клетках (ситуация очень похожа на ту, что мы наблюдаем в многоклеточном организме).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The term “cellular senescence” (“cell senescence”) was put into circulation by Leonard Hayflick to describe the “age-related” changes in normal eukaryotic cells during aging in vitro, i.e., the exhaustion of their mitotic potential. In the “classic” version it was implied that the cells “grow old” with the help of some internal mechanism that leads to accumulation of various intracellular macromolecular defects (primarily — DNA damage). At present, as a rule, speaking of “cellular senescence” means accumulation/appearance in the cells (most often — transformed cells which do not demonstrate replicative senescence) of certain “biomarkers of aging” under the influence of various externalfactors (oxidative stress, H2O2, mitomycin C, ethanol, ionizing radiation, doxorubicin, etc.) that cause DNA damage. This phenomenon has been called DDR (DNA Damage Response). Among these biomarkers — senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, expression of p53 and p21 proteins, as well as of proteins involved in the regulation of inflammation like IL-6 or IL-8, activation of oncogenes, etc. Thus, “aging/senescence” of the cells does not occur by itself, but because of the impact of DNA-damaging agents. This approach, in my opinion, although is very important to define a strategy to fight cancer, but, yet again, takes us away from the study of the real mechanisms of aging. It should be emphasized that within the scope of “stationary phase aging” model developed in my lab, we also register the occurrence of certain biomarkers of aging in cultured cells, but in this case they arise due to the restriction of their proliferation by contact inhibition — a rather physiological impact, which in itself does not cause any damage to the cells (the situation is very similar to what we see in a whole multicellular organism).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>программа</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>пролиферация клеток</kwd><kwd>клеточное старение</kwd><kwd>ассоциированная со старением бета-галактозидаза</kwd><kwd>злокачественная трансформа- ция</kwd><kwd>повреждения ДНК.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>program</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>cell proliferation</kwd><kwd>cellular senescence</kwd><kwd>senescence-asso- ciated beta-galactosidase</kwd><kwd>malignant transformation</kwd><kwd>DNA damage</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weismann A. Die Kontinuitat des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: G. Fisher Ferlag, 1885.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weismann A. Die Kontinuitat des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: G. Fisher Ferlag, 1885.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weismann A. Das Keimplasma. Eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: G. Fisher Ferlag, 1892</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weismann A. Das Keimplasma. Eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: G. Fisher Ferlag, 1892</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayflick L. Progress in cytogerontology // Mech. Ageing Dev. 1979. Vol. 9. N 5—6. P. 393—408.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayflick L. Progress in cytogerontology // Mech. Ageing Dev. 1979. Vol. 9. N 5—6. P. 393—408.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayflick L. How and why we age. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996. 400 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayflick L. How and why we age. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996. 400 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirkwood T.B., Cremer T. Cytogerontology since 1881: a reappraisal of August Weismann and a review of modern progress // Hum. Genet. 1982. Vol. 60. N 2. P. 101—121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirkwood T.B., Cremer T. Cytogerontology since 1881: a reappraisal of August Weismann and a review of modern progress // Hum. Genet. 1982. Vol. 60. N 2. P. 101—121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Н. Итоги и перспективы цитогеронтологических исследований на современном этапе // Цитология. 2002. Т. 44. № 12. С. 1143—1148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хохлов А.Н. Итоги и перспективы цитогеронтологических исследований на современном этапе // Цитология. 2002. Т. 44. № 12. С. 1143—1148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Н. Геронтологические исследования на клеточных культурах: от организма к клетке и обратно // Проблемы старения и долголетия. 2008. Т. 17. № 4. С. 451—456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хохлов А.Н. Геронтологические исследования на клеточных культурах: от организма к клетке и обратно // Проблемы старения и долголетия. 2008. Т. 17. № 4. С. 451—456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Н. Тестирование геропротекторов в экспериментах на клеточных культурах: за и против // Проблемы старения и долголетия. 2009. Т. 18. № 1. С. 32—36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хохлов А.Н. Тестирование геропротекторов в экспериментах на клеточных культурах: за и против // Проблемы старения и долголетия. 2009. Т. 18. № 1. С. 32—36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. The cell kinetics model for determination of organism biological age and for geroprotectors or geropromoters studies // Biomarkers of aging: expression and regulation. Proceeding / Eds. F. Licastro, C.M. Caldarera. Bologna: CLUEB, 1992. P. 209—216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. The cell kinetics model for determination of organism biological age and for geroprotectors or geropromoters studies // Biomarkers of aging: expression and regulation. Proceeding / Eds. F. Licastro, C.M. Caldarera. Bologna: CLUEB, 1992. P. 209—216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. Cytogerontology at the beginning of the third millennium: from “correlative” to “gist” models // Russ. J. Dev. Biol. 2003. Vol. 34. N 5. P. 321—326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. Cytogerontology at the beginning of the third millennium: from “correlative” to “gist” models // Russ. J. Dev. Biol. 2003. Vol. 34. N 5. P. 321—326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alinkina E.S., Vorobyova A.K., Misharina T.A., Fatkullina L.D., Burlakova E.B., Khokhlov A.N. Cytogerontological studies of biological activity of oregano essential oil // Moscow Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull. 2012. Vol. 67. N 2. P. 52—57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alinkina E.S., Vorobyova A.K., Misharina T.A., Fatkullina L.D., Burlakova E.B., Khokhlov A.N. Cytogerontological studies of biological activity of oregano essential oil // Moscow Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull. 2012. Vol. 67. N 2. P. 52—57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrel A. Artificial activation of the growth in vitro of connective tissue // J. Exp. Med. 1912. Vol. 17. N 1. P. 14—19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrel A. Artificial activation of the growth in vitro of connective tissue // J. Exp. Med. 1912. Vol. 17. N 1. P. 14—19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrel A. Contributions to the study of the mechanism of the growth of connective tissue // J. Exp. Med. 1913. Vol. 18. N 3. P. 287—289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrel A. Contributions to the study of the mechanism of the growth of connective tissue // J. Exp. Med. 1913. Vol. 18. N 3. P. 287—289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swim H.E., Parker R.F. Culture characteristics of human fibroblasts propagated serially // Amer. J. Hyg. 1957. Vol. 66. N 2. P. 235—243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swim H.E., Parker R.F. Culture characteristics of human fibroblasts propagated serially // Amer. J. Hyg. 1957. Vol. 66. N 2. P. 235—243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayflick L., Moorhead P.S. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains // Exp. Cell Res. 1961. Vol. 25. N 3. P. 585—621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayflick L., Moorhead P.S. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains // Exp. Cell Res. 1961. Vol. 25. N 3. P. 585—621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains // Exp. Cell Res. 1965. Vol. 37. N 3. P. 614—636.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains // Exp. Cell Res. 1965. Vol. 37. N 3. P. 614—636.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rattan S.I.S. “Just a fellow who did his job...”, an interview with Leonard Hayflick // Biogerontology. 2000. Vol. 1. N 1. P. 79—87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rattan S.I.S. “Just a fellow who did his job...”, an interview with Leonard Hayflick // Biogerontology. 2000. Vol. 1. N 1. P. 79—87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оловников А.М. Принцип маргинотомии в матричном синтезе полинуклеотидов // Докл. АН СССР. 1971. Т. 201. № 6. С. 1496—1499.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Оловников А.М. Принцип маргинотомии в матричном синтезе полинуклеотидов // Докл. АН СССР. 1971. Т. 201. № 6. С. 1496—1499.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. From Carrel to Hayflick and back, or what we got from the 100-year cytogerontological studies // Biophysics. 2010. Vol. 55. N 5. P. 859—864.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. From Carrel to Hayflick and back, or what we got from the 100-year cytogerontological studies // Biophysics. 2010. Vol. 55. N 5. P. 859—864.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. Does aging need an own program or the existing development program is more than enough? // Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2010. Vol. 80. N 7. P. 1507—1513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. Does aging need an own program or the existing development program is more than enough? // Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 2010. Vol. 80. N 7. P. 1507—1513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. Does aging need its own program, or is the program of development quite sufficient for it? Stationary cell cultures as a tool to search for anti-aging factors // Curr. Aging Sci. 2013. Vol. 6. N 1. P. 14—20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. Does aging need its own program, or is the program of development quite sufficient for it? Stationary cell cultures as a tool to search for anti-aging factors // Curr. Aging Sci. 2013. Vol. 6. N 1. P. 14—20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Н. Пролиферация и старение // Итоги науки и техники ВИНИТИ АН СССР. Сер. Общие проблемы физико-химической биологии. Т. 9. М.: ВИНИТИ, 1988. 176 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хохлов А.Н. Пролиферация и старение // Итоги науки и техники ВИНИТИ АН СССР. Сер. Общие проблемы физико-химической биологии. Т. 9. М.: ВИНИТИ, 1988. 176 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vilenchik M.M., Khokhlov A.N., Grinberg K.N. Study of spontaneous DNA lesions and DNA repair in human diploid fibroblasts aged in vitro and in vivo // Studia biophysica. 1981. Vol. 85. N 1. P. 53—54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vilenchik M.M., Khokhlov A.N., Grinberg K.N. Study of spontaneous DNA lesions and DNA repair in human diploid fibroblasts aged in vitro and in vivo // Studia biophysica. 1981. Vol. 85. N 1. P. 53—54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. Stationary cell cultures as a tool for gerontological studies // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1992. Vol. 663. P. 475—476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. Stationary cell cultures as a tool for gerontological studies // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1992. Vol. 663. P. 475—476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khokhlov A.N. Cell proliferation restriction: is it the primary cause of aging? // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1998. Vol. 854. P. 519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.N. Cell proliferation restriction: is it the primary cause of aging? // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1998. Vol. 854. P. 519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akimov S.S., Khokhlov A.N. Study of “stationary phase aging” of cultured cells under various types of proliferation restriction // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1998. Vol. 854. P. 520.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akimov S.S., Khokhlov A.N. Study of “stationary phase aging” of cultured cells under various types of proliferation restriction // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1998. Vol. 854. P. 520.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campisi J. Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer // Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2013. Vol. 75. P. 685—705.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campisi J. Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer // Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2013. Vol. 75. P. 685—705.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harman D. About “Origin and evolution of the free radical theory of aging: a brief personal history, 1954—2009” // Biogerontology. 2009. Vol. 10. N 6. P. 783.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harman D. About “Origin and evolution of the free radical theory of aging: a brief personal history, 1954—2009” // Biogerontology. 2009. Vol. 10. N 6. P. 783.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimri G.P., Lee X., Basile G., Acosta M., Scott G., Roskelley C., Medrano E.E., Linskens M., Rubelj I., PereiraSmith O., Peacocke M., Campisi J. A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92. N 20. P. 9363—9367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimri G.P., Lee X., Basile G., Acosta M., Scott G., Roskelley C., Medrano E.E., Linskens M., Rubelj I., PereiraSmith O., Peacocke M., Campisi J. A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92. N 20. P. 9363—9367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lawless C., Wang C., Jurk D., Merz A., von Zglinicki T., Passos J.F. Quantitative assessment of markers for cell senescence // Exp. Gerontol. 2010. Vol. 45. N 10. P. 772—778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lawless C., Wang C., Jurk D., Merz A., von Zglinicki T., Passos J.F. Quantitative assessment of markers for cell senescence // Exp. Gerontol. 2010. Vol. 45. N 10. P. 772—778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sikora E., Arendt T., Bennett M., Narita M. Impact of cellular senescence signature on ageing research // Ageing Res. Rev. 2011. Vol. 10. N 1. P. 146—152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sikora E., Arendt T., Bennett M., Narita M. Impact of cellular senescence signature on ageing research // Ageing Res. Rev. 2011. Vol. 10. N 1. P. 146—152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yegorov Y.E., Akimov S.S., Hass R., Zelenin A.V., Prudovsky I.A. Endogenous beta-galactosidase activity in continuously nonproliferating cells // Exp. Cell Res. 1998. Vol. 243. N 1. P. 207—211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yegorov Y.E., Akimov S.S., Hass R., Zelenin A.V., Prudovsky I.A. Endogenous beta-galactosidase activity in continuously nonproliferating cells // Exp. Cell Res. 1998. Vol. 243. N 1. P. 207—211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krishna D.R., Sperker B., Fritz P., Klotz U. Does pH 6 beta-galactosidase activity indicate cell senescence? // Mech. Ageing Dev. 1999. Vol. 109. N 2. P. 113—123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krishna D.R., Sperker B., Fritz P., Klotz U. Does pH 6 beta-galactosidase activity indicate cell senescence? // Mech. Ageing Dev. 1999. Vol. 109. N 2. P. 113—123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Severino J., Allen R.G., Balin S., Balin A., Cristofalo V.J. Is beta-galactosidase staining a marker of senescence in vitro and in vivo? // Exp. Cell Res. 2000. Vol. 257. N 1. P. 162—171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Severino J., Allen R.G., Balin S., Balin A., Cristofalo V.J. Is beta-galactosidase staining a marker of senescence in vitro and in vivo? // Exp. Cell Res. 2000. Vol. 257. N 1. P. 162—171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi J., Shendrik I., Peacocke M., Peehl D., Buttyan R., Ikeguchi E.F., Katz A.E., Benson M.C. Expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase in enlarged prostates from men with benign prostatic hyperplasia // Urology. 2000. Vol. 56. N 1. P. 160—166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi J., Shendrik I., Peacocke M., Peehl D., Buttyan R., Ikeguchi E.F., Katz A.E., Benson M.C. Expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase in enlarged prostates from men with benign prostatic hyperplasia // Urology. 2000. Vol. 56. N 1. P. 160—166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Untergasser G., Gander R., Rumpold H., Heinrich E., Plas E., Berger P. TGF-beta cytokines increase senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in human prostate basal cells by supporting differentiation processes, but not cellular senescence // Exp. Gerontol. 2003. Vol. 38. N 10. P. 1179—1188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Untergasser G., Gander R., Rumpold H., Heinrich E., Plas E., Berger P. TGF-beta cytokines increase senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in human prostate basal cells by supporting differentiation processes, but not cellular senescence // Exp. Gerontol. 2003. Vol. 38. N 10. P. 1179—1188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang H.T., Lee C.J., Seo E.J., Bahn Y.J., Kim H.J., Hwang E.S. Transition to an irreversible state of senescence in HeLa cells arrested by repression of HPV E6 and E7 genes // Mech. Ageing Dev. 2004. Vol. 125. N 1. P. 31—40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang H.T., Lee C.J., Seo E.J., Bahn Y.J., Kim H.J., Hwang E.S. Transition to an irreversible state of senescence in HeLa cells arrested by repression of HPV E6 and E7 genes // Mech. Ageing Dev. 2004. Vol. 125. N 1. P. 31—40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cristofalo V.J. SA beta Gal staining: biomarker or delusion // Exp. Gerontol. 2005. Vol. 40. N 10. P. 836—838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cristofalo V.J. SA beta Gal staining: biomarker or delusion // Exp. Gerontol. 2005. Vol. 40. N 10. P. 836—838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vladimirova I.V., Shilovsky G.A., Khokhlov A.N., Shram S.I. “Age-related” changes of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation system in cultured Сhinese hamster cells // Visualizing of senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. Programme and abstracts, Warsaw, Poland, 15—16 December 2012. Warsaw, Poland,2012. P. 108—109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladimirova I.V., Shilovsky G.A., Khokhlov A.N., Shram S.I. “Age-related” changes of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation system in cultured Сhinese hamster cells // Visualizing of senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. Programme and abstracts, Warsaw, Poland, 15—16 December 2012. Warsaw, Poland,2012. P. 108—109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
