Зимний покой древесных растений и его неинвазивный мониторинг

В состоянии покоя (dormancy) многолетние растения – обитатели регионов с выраженной сезонностью климата – могут переживать длительные периоды неблагоприятных условий. Выделяют периоды предварительного, физиологического и вынужденного покоя. В период предварительного покоя завершаются генетические, физиолого-биохимические и морфологические перестройки, увеличивающие стресс-толерантность растения. Физиологический или глубокий покой характеризуется неспособностью меристем к возобновлению деления клеток даже в благоприятных условиях. Под действием сигналов окружающей среды растения переходят от глубокого покоя к вынужденному, в котором деление клеток и рост сдерживается неблагоприятными условиями среды. Участившиеся климатические флуктуации приводят к аномальному выходу из покоя, повышая риск повреждения растений, особенно культурных, неблагоприятными факторами среды. В этой связи важны методы неинвазивного объективного мониторинга состояния покоя растений в реальном времени. Исследования связи между статусом покоя и функционированием фотосинтетического аппарата растений привели к разработке методов мониторинга состояния древесных растений путем регистрации переменной флуоресценции хлорофилла хвои и эндодермы коры их побегов. В обзоре кратко суммированы современные представления о механизме индукции состояния покоя и выхода из него. Приводится анализ функционирования и регуляции фотосинтетического аппарата в покое, связи между амплитудно-кинетической характеристикой индукции флуоресценции хлорофилла и глубиной покоя многолетних растений. Обсуждаются проблемы интерпретации сигналов флуоресценции хлорофилла в контексте мониторинга покоя, а также возможности практического использования этого подхода.

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