EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM GYNOECIUM: MONOMERY, PSEUDOMONOMERY AND MIXOMERY
Abstract
The presence of a gynoecium composed by carpels is a key feature of angiosperms. The carpel is often viewed as homologous to megasporophyll of gymnosperms (i.e., a leaf bearing ovules), but it is possible that its morphological nature is more complex. Carpels of angiosperms can unite to form a syncarpous gynoecium. Most syncarpous gynoecia possess a compitum, which is a region where pollen tube transmitting tracts of individual carpels unite in a way that pollen tubes can grow from one carpel to another. The presence of a compitum is a precondition for evolution of carpel dimorphism, where some carpels do not possess functional stigma or fertile ovules. Pseudomonomery is a kind of carpel dimorphism where only one carpel has a fertile ovule (or ovules). Pseudomonomerous gynoecium usually has a single symmetry plane and it is likely that regulation of its development is similar to those of monosymmetric perianth and androecium. Monomerous gynoecium consists of a single carpel. In course of evolution, syncarpous gynoecia can jump abruptly to monomerous gynoecia or undergo sterilization and gradual reduction of some carpels. There is a peculiar group of gynoecia with partial or complete loss of carpel individuality, so that it is impossible to assign an ovule (or ovules) to particular carpel. A term mixomery is proposed for this phenomenon, which is not identical to pseudomonomery.
About the Authors
D. D. Sokoloff
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Department of Higher Plants, School of Biology
Leninskiye Gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
M. S. Nuraliev
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Department of Higher Plants, School of Biology
Leninskiye Gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
A. A. Oskolski
University of Johannesburg
Botanical Museum, V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology
South Africa, Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, PO Box 524
Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
M. V. Remizowa
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Department of Higher Plants, School of Biology
Leninskiye Gory 1–12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Sokoloff D.D., Nuraliev M.S., Oskolski A.A., Remizowa M.V. EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM GYNOECIUM: MONOMERY, PSEUDOMONOMERY AND MIXOMERY. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 16. Biologiya. 2017;72(3):115-127. (In Russ.)
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