ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ КЛЕТОЧНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ: ОТ ОРГАНОВ В ЧАШКЕ ПЕТРИ ДО “ОРГАНОВ-НА-ЧИПАХ”

В обзоре отражена история появления и усовершенствования клеточных моделей и различных способов и систем культивирования клеток животных и человека для исследований биологической активности различных веществ in vitro. Культуры органов и традиционные двухмерные культуры диссоциированных клеток различных типов, таких как первичные, опухолевые, индуцированные плюрипотентные, стволовые и другие, имеют преимущества и недостатки, однако зачастую не являются адекватными моделями для изучения биологических процессов, происходящих в живых организмах. В настоящее время на ранних фазах разработки лекарственных препаратов для отбора наиболее активных соединений и оценки их цитотоксического действия широко используется высокопроизводительный клеточный скрининг с применением различных способов детекции сигнала: оптических на основе колориметричесих, люминесцентных и флуоресцентных методов и электрохимических. Использование животных в качестве моделей для тестирования препаратов все больше подвергается критике из-за низкой степени корреляции между результатами, получаемыми в исследованиях с их использованием, и результатами, получаемыми на человеке, а также из-за дороговизны и этических вопросов. Поэтому много усилий направлено на создание моделей на основе клеток человека. Так появились культуры c трехмерным каркасом для имитации архитектуры тканей in vivo, а затем и микроинженерные конструкции на основе законов микрогидродинамики, объединяющие несколько типов клеток, так называемые “органы-на-чипах”, позволяющие воссоздавать физические и химические параметры микроокружения клеток в естественных условиях. Таким образом, экспериментальные клеточные системы с момента появления прошли путь от культивируемых в питательной среде целых органов до практически полной реконструкции органов in vitro с использованием различных типов клеток и передовых инженерных решений, что позволяет в настоящее время воссоздавать in vitro сложные биологические процессы и более успешно изучать влияние на них различных химических веществ и физических факторов.

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