Наночастицы в водной среде: риски и возможности их контроля с помощью микроводорослей

Наночастицы (НЧ) относятся к опасным микрополлютантам – загрязнителям, проявляющим биотоксичность в низких (порядка нг/л) концентрациях. НЧ могут не только напрямую влиять на живые организмы, но и служить переносчиками органических и неорганических загрязнителей, а также усиливать токсическое действие других микрополлютантов. НЧ все шире применяются в промышленных и бытовых целях, что влечет за собой рост объемов их производства, выбросов НЧ в окружающую среду и связанные с этим риски для экосистем. Эти риски усиливаются из-за стойкости НЧ к биодеструкции в природных экосистемах и традиционных очистных сооружениях, а эффективные технологии удаления НЧ сложны и дороги, поэтому их повсеместное внедрение на очистных сооружениях пока невозможно. Тем не менее, несмотря на риски, связанные с НЧ, человечество не откажется от их использования в ближайшем будущем, поскольку они прочно вошли в современный технологический уклад. Биодеструкция и биосорбция НЧ с применением культур микроводорослей и водорослево-бактериальных консорциумов считаются перспективными подходами с точки зрения безопасности для окружающей среды и сохранения природных ресурсов. Развитию этого подхода препятствует фрагментарность сведений о действии НЧ на клетки микроводорослей и микробные сообщества. Настоящий обзор – попытка заполнить этот пробел, по крайней мере, частично. В обзоре рассматриваются распространенные типы промышленных НЧ на основе металлов и их оксидов, а также углеродные наноматериалы. Обсуждаются пути их поступления в водную среду, токсичность для живых организмов, накопление и пути трансформации в клетках, синергетические эффекты НЧ, тяжелых металлов и антибиотиков, а также способы биоудаления НЧ и наноматериалов из водных экосистем с помощью микроводорослей.

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