Nanoparticles in the aquatic environment: the risks associated with them and the possibilities of their mitigation with microalgae

Nanoparticles (NPs) are dangerous micro-pollutants that exhibit biotoxicity even in low (nanogram range) concentrations. Apart from direct toxicity to living organisms, NPs can absorb and transfer organic or inorganic toxicants, as well as potentiate the toxicity of other micropollutants. Increasing use of NPs in the industrial and domestic applications leads to their increased production and discharge into the environment giving rise to diverse risks for ecosystems. These risks are exacerbated by the resilience of NPs to biodegradation in natural ecosystems and traditional wastewater treatment plants. Efficient NPs removal technologies are complex and expensive, so they cannot be affordably replicated in common wastewater treatment plants. Despite the risks associated with NPs, humanity will not abandon their use in the nearest future, since the NPs are now at the foundation of many modern technologies. Biodestruction and biosorption of NPs using microalgae cultures and algal-bacterial consortia are considered promising approaches regarding the environmental safety and conservation of natural resources. However, the progress of this approach is hindered by paucity and fragmentary nature of the information about the effects of NPs on microalgae cells and microbial communities. This review attempts to fill this gap, at least partially, by considering common industrial NPs types based on metals and their oxides, as well as carbon nanomaterials. The pathways of their entry into aquatic ecosystems, toxicity to living organisms, accumulation and biotransformation in cells, synergistic effects of NPs in combination with heavy metals and antibiotics, as well as methods of bio-removal of NPs and nanomaterials from aquatic ecosystems using microalgae are discussed.

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