Обестатин и его фрагменты: новый подход к регуляции массы тела в норме и при патологии

Заболевания органов желудочно-кишечного тракта и расстройства пищевого поведения относятся к числу наиболее распространенных патологий в мире. Одним из наиболее распространенных и опасных последствий многих расстройств пищевого поведения является неконтролируемый набор массы тела, часто приводящий к развитию ожирения. Обзор посвящен 15-летним исследованиям обестатина – одного из регуляторов пищевого поведения. Этот пептид состоит из 23 аминокислотных остатков и является продуктом процессинга гена препрогрелина, ответственного также за кодирование орексигенного белка – грелина. Обестатин и грелин обладают разной физиологической активностью, в том числе – в регуляции системы аппетита. Первоначально обестатин был выделен из клеток слизистой оболочки желудка у крыс, но последующие исследования показали, что он может экспрессироваться во многих тканях организма и обладает широким спектром действия на различные органы и ткани. Обзор сконцентрирован на тех эффектах данного пептида, которые приводят к подавлению системы аппетита, а также на возможных механизмах его анорексигенного действия в организме. Несмотря на 15 лет исследований обестатина, его действие на различные органы и ткани, а в особенности – механизмы анорексигенного действия, вызывают много споров и дискуссий. Это в первую очередь связано с неоднозначностью определения рецепторов пептида, а также вероятной деградацией молекулы на небольшие фрагменты, которые, в свою очередь, могут оказывать собственные влияния. Локальные эффекты обестатина и его производных в периферических тканях, а также возможное действие на центральном уровне свидетельствуют о перспективности данных пептидов для дальнейших исследований. Их, в частности, можно рассматривать как потенциальные терапевтические агенты для коррекции ряда расстройств пищевого поведения. Целью данной работы было описать актуальность решения проблемы повышенной массы, а также обобщить результаты многочисленных исследований одного их регуляторов аппетита, обестатина, и его фрагментов, попытаться объяснить механизмы развития их эффектов.

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